Islam is one of the world’s major monotheistic religions, with over a billion adherents globally. It is founded on the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad, who is considered the last prophet in a line that includes figures such as Adam, Abraham, Moses, and Jesus.

The word “Islam” itself is derived from the Arabic root “S-L-M,” which means peace, purity, submission, and obedience. In a religious context, Islam means submission to the will of Allah (God).

Core Beliefs and Practices

1. The Five Pillars of Islam: The Five Pillars of Islam are the foundational acts of worship and practice that define a Muslim’s faith and actions. These are:

• Shahada (Faith): The declaration of faith, stating, “There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah.” This affirmation is the entry point into the Muslim community.

 

• Salah (Prayer): Muslims are required to pray five times a day facing Mecca. These prayers occur at dawn, noon, mid-afternoon, sunset, and evening. They serve as a constant reminder of the believer’s faith and submission to Allah.

 

• Zakat (Almsgiving): This pillar requires Muslims to give a portion of their wealth to those in need, typically 2.5% of their savings annually. Zakat purifies wealth and fosters social equality.

 

• Sawm (Fasting): During the month of Ramadan, Muslims fast from dawn until sunset. This fast includes abstaining from food, drink, smoking, and marital relations. Fasting cultivates self-discipline and empathy for the less fortunate.

 

• Hajj (Pilgrimage): Every Muslim who is physically and financially able must undertake a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in their lifetime. Hajj occurs annually during the Islamic month of Dhu al-Hijjah and includes several rituals that commemorate the actions of the Prophet Abraham and his family.

2. The Quran and Hadith: The Quran is the holy book of Islam, believed to be the literal word of Allah as revealed to Muhammad through the Archangel Gabriel. It is written in Arabic and is divided into 114 chapters called surahs. The Quran covers various aspects of life, including law, morality, and guidance for personal conduct.

The Hadith is a collection of sayings, actions, and approvals of Prophet Muhammad. The Hadith complements the Quran and provides additional context and elaboration on the Quranic text. Together, the Quran and Hadith form the basis of Islamic theology, law, and practice.

Major Branches of Islam

Islam is broadly divided into two major branches: Sunni and Shia.

• Sunni Islam: Sunnis constitute about 85-90% of the Muslim population. They follow the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad as transmitted through a consensus of the Prophet’s companions and later generations. Sunni Islam places a strong emphasis on the collective interpretation of religious texts.

 

• Shia Islam: Shias make up about 10-15% of Muslims. They believe that leadership should have stayed within the Prophet Muhammad’s family, specifically appointing Ali, the Prophet’s cousin and son-in-law, and his descendants as rightful leaders. Shia Islam has its own set of religious practices and interpretations of the Quran and Hadith.

Islamic Law and Ethics

Islamic law, or Sharia, is derived from the Quran, Hadith, and centuries of interpretive scholarship known as Fiqh. Sharia covers all aspects of a Muslim’s life, including daily routines, familial and religious obligations, and financial dealings. It emphasizes justice, fairness, and compassion.

Conclusion

Islam is a comprehensive way of life that encompasses faith, law, and morality. It seeks to guide individuals towards a path of righteousness, community, and submission to the will of Allah. Despite diverse interpretations and cultural practices, the core tenets of Islam remain centered on the principles of monotheism, justice, and compassion. Understanding these fundamental aspects provides insight into the beliefs and practices that shape the lives of Muslims around the world.